https://communesinthenewworld.com How to Live Together Fri, 21 Apr 2023 10:12:30 +0000 https://communesinthenewworld.com en https://communesinthenewworld.com/Index Fri, 17 Mar 2023 14:00:16 +0000 How to Live Together https://communesinthenewworld.com/Index How to Live Together is a collection of communal living experiments from around the world and throughout history. From celibate cloisters to free love yurts to sprawling polygamous compounds, it is intended as an encyclopedic survey that treats the architectural floor plan as an expression of radical and disruptive social experimentation. https://communesinthenewworld.com/Benedictines-St-Gall Fri, 17 Mar 2023 14:00:16 +0000 How to Live Together https://communesinthenewworld.com/Benedictines-St-Gall Benedictines <img width="820" height="1000" width_o="820" height_o="1000" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a0d2a41318cc7a6afe8a9699bea9bafa69355b6d2453737fc220542bdb8e01b4/Benedictine-Monks---1525Initial-G-with-St.-Gregory-I-appearing-to-a-group-of-Benedictine-Monks.jpeg" data-mid="172062881" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/820/i/a0d2a41318cc7a6afe8a9699bea9bafa69355b6d2453737fc220542bdb8e01b4/Benedictine-Monks---1525Initial-G-with-St.-Gregory-I-appearing-to-a-group-of-Benedictine-Monks.jpeg" /> St. Gall, Germany Religious, Christian Celibate 825 AD 1 Hostel 2 Brewery / Baker 3 Guest House 4 School 5 Abbot’s House 6 Leeching 7 Physician 8 Herb Garden 9 Entrance 10 Church 11 Kitchen &amp; Bath 12 Infirmary 13 Chapel 14 Novitiate 15 Barns 16 Almonry 17 Cellar 18 Dormitory 19 Orchard Cemetery 20 Stables 21 Cooper 22 Refectory 23 Bath 24 Garden 25 Chickens 26 Kiln 27 Press 28 Mill 29 Shops <img width="1754" height="1222" width_o="1754" height_o="1222" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3922c404a21fc746d0eb9fb576c7158e004a3650c2a06d255f61701e4b79929f/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans.png" data-mid="172072417" border="0" alt="820 - 830 AD Plan of St. Gall Plan: Drawn from Recto of Plan of Saint Gallen. Stiftsbibliothek, Codex 1092 " data-caption="820 - 830 AD Plan of St. Gall Plan: Drawn from Recto of Plan of Saint Gallen. Stiftsbibliothek, Codex 1092 " src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/3922c404a21fc746d0eb9fb576c7158e004a3650c2a06d255f61701e4b79929f/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans.png" /> The plan of St. Gall is the only major architectural drawing from the seven centuries between the fall of the Roman empire and 13th century. The ideal plan of a Benedictine monastery depicts a micro-urbanity, containing everything needed for a self-sufficient community of 110 monks and 170 laymen. The central role of religion is clear in the size and placement of the Church, whose pews seat exactly 112, but the layout also demonstrates an earthly pragmatism: chicken coops adjoin vegetable gardens so that scraps can be fed to the chickens and chicken droppings can be used as fertilizer (24, 25); the bakery and brewery, which both require an active yeast and temperatures above 75 degrees, shared a building kept warm by the bakery oven (2). Strict metrics of population and rationing are rendered in minute detail: the barrels of beer in the cellar (17), correspond to the (recommended) drinking needs of 300 monks and laymen. Vows of chastity were aided by the architecture, which affords little privacy in both the group dormitory and the baths which could only accommodate one at a time. The plan represents ta Utopia of Scarcity or a Utopia of Temperance. These classical Utopias are static and hierarchical due to a scarcity of resources. It doesn’t grow, it sustains itself. It produces exactly what it needs to do this including moral behavior. The plan of St. Gall, as a shorthand for most cloisters and monasteries, is isolated, self-sustaining, and pragmatic. <img width="3000" height="2766" width_o="3000" height_o="2766" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1f33595de4c86112b6e0c718db4dffdf16b2cf9e5923e1541e652c82522468e5/Benedictine---Inicial-C-Monks-Singing-1420---The-Getty.jpg" data-mid="172062879" border="0" alt="1420 Benedictine Monks Singing. Image: Collage from Initial C: Monks Singing. The Getty" data-caption="1420 Benedictine Monks Singing. Image: Collage from Initial C: Monks Singing. The Getty" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/1f33595de4c86112b6e0c718db4dffdf16b2cf9e5923e1541e652c82522468e5/Benedictine---Inicial-C-Monks-Singing-1420---The-Getty.jpg" /> <img width="820" height="1000" width_o="820" height_o="1000" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a0d2a41318cc7a6afe8a9699bea9bafa69355b6d2453737fc220542bdb8e01b4/Benedictine-Monks---1525Initial-G-with-St.-Gregory-I-appearing-to-a-group-of-Benedictine-Monks.jpeg" data-mid="172062881" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/820/i/a0d2a41318cc7a6afe8a9699bea9bafa69355b6d2453737fc220542bdb8e01b4/Benedictine-Monks---1525Initial-G-with-St.-Gregory-I-appearing-to-a-group-of-Benedictine-Monks.jpeg" /> St. Gall End Notes Horn, Walter, Ernest Born, Wolfgang Braunfels, Charles W. Jones, and A. Hunter. The Plan of St. Gall: A Study of the Architecture &amp; Economy of, &amp; Life in a Paradigmatic Carolingian Monastery. University of California Press, 1979. “Heaven on Earth: The Plan of St. Gall.” The Wilson Quarterly (1976-) 4, no. 1 (1980): 171–79. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40255780. Page 175. https://communesinthenewworld.com/Hutterites Fri, 17 Mar 2023 14:16:31 +0000 How to Live Together https://communesinthenewworld.com/Hutterites Hutterites <img width="805" height="1200" width_o="805" height_o="1200" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/de3bf26212413ee0fe4c0cec2ee294597b5a89692babb1c76365fe5e00f9a661/hutterites001.jpg" data-mid="172064662" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/805/i/de3bf26212413ee0fe4c0cec2ee294597b5a89692babb1c76365fe5e00f9a661/hutterites001.jpg" /> St. Gall, Germany Religious, Christian Celibate 825 AD 1 Residential Houses 2 Church 3 School 4 Kindergarten 5 Kitchen House 6 Agricultural Buildings <img width="1754" height="1222" width_o="1754" height_o="1222" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/bdd4c8aec465bad1f2c4befbd58307b871ead35bb42377dc57fb66cfca1699fc/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans2.png" data-mid="172072589" border="0" alt="1972 Hutterite Community Diagram Plan. Drawn from Communes in the New World by L. and O.M. Ungers" data-caption="1972 Hutterite Community Diagram Plan. Drawn from Communes in the New World by L. and O.M. Ungers" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/bdd4c8aec465bad1f2c4befbd58307b871ead35bb42377dc57fb66cfca1699fc/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans2.png" /> <img width="737" height="516" width_o="737" height_o="516" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/901740a7f521b32d6671b34985c9ae79a33c2dae9797feb3e87231e61e38c053/220210-How-To-Live-Together---Draft7.jpg.png" data-mid="172063688" border="0" alt="820 - 830 AD Plan of St. Gall Plan: Drawn from Recto of Plan of Saint Gallen. Stiftsbibliothek, Codex 1092 " data-caption="820 - 830 AD Plan of St. Gall Plan: Drawn from Recto of Plan of Saint Gallen. Stiftsbibliothek, Codex 1092 " src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/737/i/901740a7f521b32d6671b34985c9ae79a33c2dae9797feb3e87231e61e38c053/220210-How-To-Live-Together---Draft7.jpg.png" /> The Hutterites are the longest-lived communal living experiment in the world. The group originated as part of the radical reformation movement in present day Czech Republic in 1528, and immigrated to the USA in 1874. Like their better-known cousins, the Amish and the Mennonites, the Hutterites live and look today, much as they did 500 years ago. The pacifist, German-speaking, Anabaptist group numbers&nbsp; 50,000 people,&nbsp; distributed across “Bruderhofen”, or colonies, in the Great Plains and Western Canada. When a colony reaches 120 members, the community splits and half the families resettle in a daughter colony. The high birth rate means this happens every 18 - 20 years. The rule gives the communities a concrete goal to work towards and save for, and keeps colonies at an optimal size where everyone can contribute meaningfuly while preserving scarce resources. The architecture of the colonies doesn’t reflect their European origins, but rather their pragmatism. Communities are built by Hutterite men, quickly, and from cost-effective material, and the buildings are indistinguishable from the rural American context. Families live in two-storey terraced houses (1) that&nbsp; contain four to five bedrooms, a living space, and small kitchenette. The main kitchen (5), dining hall, and baths are communal facilities. The small kindergarten (4) building is ideally located near the colony kitchen, and consists of 2-3 rooms, one of which can be darkened for napping. Dining room/playroom. The Hutterites produce only what they need in order to survive, including moral behavior; they are defined by strict hierarchical organization, population caps, and the centrality of agriculture. <img width="1789" height="1200" width_o="1789" height_o="1200" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/14e3fe4b035c19659a6ef046562aa83173055378133b91616c19edcce7544363/hutterites003.jpg" data-mid="172064664" border="0" alt="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" data-caption="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/14e3fe4b035c19659a6ef046562aa83173055378133b91616c19edcce7544363/hutterites003.jpg" /> <img width="1000" height="659" width_o="1000" height_o="659" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/04859c22ef2f2c25de4c68c21b2eb68a815db9e253dcda99abeeade44db5e3f5/hutterites.png" data-mid="172065101" border="0" alt="Hutterite Mother and Child. Drawing: 1585 Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" data-caption="Hutterite Mother and Child. Drawing: 1585 Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/04859c22ef2f2c25de4c68c21b2eb68a815db9e253dcda99abeeade44db5e3f5/hutterites.png" /> <img width="805" height="1200" width_o="805" height_o="1200" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/de3bf26212413ee0fe4c0cec2ee294597b5a89692babb1c76365fe5e00f9a661/hutterites001.jpg" data-mid="172064662" border="0" alt="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" data-caption="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/805/i/de3bf26212413ee0fe4c0cec2ee294597b5a89692babb1c76365fe5e00f9a661/hutterites001.jpg" /> <img width="1779" height="1200" width_o="1779" height_o="1200" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/af4657d5b2e9917507c9393fb74ec0392d7fc8591b31342a4052bea3ca68e96a/hutterites005.jpg" data-mid="172064666" border="0" alt="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" data-caption="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/af4657d5b2e9917507c9393fb74ec0392d7fc8591b31342a4052bea3ca68e96a/hutterites005.jpg" /> <img width="1795" height="1200" width_o="1795" height_o="1200" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/132bb21f9a8279153c8d246c539f1d3fcab1be4f37497d0cd431ed1b801c9ef2/hutterites012.jpg" data-mid="172064673" border="0" alt="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" data-caption="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/132bb21f9a8279153c8d246c539f1d3fcab1be4f37497d0cd431ed1b801c9ef2/hutterites012.jpg" /> <img width="1739" height="1200" width_o="1739" height_o="1200" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c61312d21c0828b0520afa46510b5709f26377c4871c8954016a7b9a7b45c426/hutterites009.jpg" data-mid="172064670" border="0" alt="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" data-caption="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c61312d21c0828b0520afa46510b5709f26377c4871c8954016a7b9a7b45c426/hutterites009.jpg" /> <img width="1924" height="1200" width_o="1924" height_o="1200" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e9bc78c0b5462ffb122c94dfca60d72dd24fb4b57b46983bc91f1d7fa56838c7/hutterites006.jpg" data-mid="172064667" border="0" alt="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" data-caption="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e9bc78c0b5462ffb122c94dfca60d72dd24fb4b57b46983bc91f1d7fa56838c7/hutterites006.jpg" /> <img width="1783" height="1200" width_o="1783" height_o="1200" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9a0d9127883b4ae13ec51b8b0216346f3f25d2beac1a990142bcd2987103b67e/hutterites008.jpg" data-mid="172064669" border="0" alt="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" data-caption="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/9a0d9127883b4ae13ec51b8b0216346f3f25d2beac1a990142bcd2987103b67e/hutterites008.jpg" /> <img width="1795" height="1200" width_o="1795" height_o="1200" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f7b371a0295b9ec3b8ed3226985c9783e4b0a416fa07a160a6ce54b4fa2af129/hutterites011.jpg" data-mid="172064672" border="0" alt="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" data-caption="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f7b371a0295b9ec3b8ed3226985c9783e4b0a416fa07a160a6ce54b4fa2af129/hutterites011.jpg" /> <img width="1808" height="1200" width_o="1808" height_o="1200" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cdc96e6208a34f2108dbc854a9c4852c9a24cd10c9b02eaf67bfa13330f3682d/hutterites007.jpg" data-mid="172064668" border="0" alt="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" data-caption="Photo: 2016 Andrew Holbrooke" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/cdc96e6208a34f2108dbc854a9c4852c9a24cd10c9b02eaf67bfa13330f3682d/hutterites007.jpg" /> Hutterites End Notes Huffman, Donald W. “Life in a Hutterite Colony: An Outsider’s Experience and Reflections on a Forgotten People in Our Midst.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 59, no. 4 (2000): 549–71. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3487826. Ungers, Liselotte, and Oswald Mathias Ungers. Kommunen in Der Neuen Welt: 1740-1971. Köln: Kiepenheuer &amp; Witsch, 1972. Page 43 Hostetler, John A., and Gertrude Enders Huntington. “Communal Socialization Patterns in Hutterite Society.” Ethnology 7, no. 4 (1968): 331–55. https://doi.org/10.2307/3773015. Page 338. https://communesinthenewworld.com/Bruderhofs Fri, 17 Mar 2023 15:42:33 +0000 How to Live Together https://communesinthenewworld.com/Bruderhofs Bruderhofs <img width="800" height="600" width_o="800" height_o="600" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6759736e8ed2d93007241f4e0baa76ac21e633c9b81f5831885c78d70ab1d9ea/Brudherhof---Darvel-Potato-Picking.jpg" data-mid="174096033" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/800/i/6759736e8ed2d93007241f4e0baa76ac21e633c9b81f5831885c78d70ab1d9ea/Brudherhof---Darvel-Potato-Picking.jpg" /> Global Religious, Christian Single-Family&nbsp; Communal Property&nbsp; 1920 - Present 1 Remodelled former Sanitorium 2 Moss Family Home 3 Singles Dormitories 4 Kitchen / Dining 5 Factory 6 Agricultural Buildings <img width="1754" height="1222" width_o="1754" height_o="1222" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f17f3e23afc09ac8becf3672acce53c7ef349e7931affd4647ad24b0fbc62884/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans3.png" data-mid="172089073" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/f17f3e23afc09ac8becf3672acce53c7ef349e7931affd4647ad24b0fbc62884/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans3.png" /> The Bruderhof are an offshoot of the Hutterite community, founded in the 1920s. Younger, agile, and more dynamic they are a global community with locations in America, the UK, Germany, Paraguay, Australia, Japan, and South Korea. Darvell in the UK, like many Bruderhof communities, is a mix of old and new buildings. At Darvell, the 18th century sanatorium has become a sprawling compound of additions and remodels, containing family apartments and a laundry facility that wouldn’t look out of place in a 200 room hotel (1). Institutional, matter-of-fact cinder block buildings are clustered village-like on the top of the hill. There are single-room, dorm style apartments for the elderly and singles (3), containing common rooms and a shared bathroom. Nearby, the communal dining room, complete with industrial kitchen, overlooks the fields. The&nbsp; density of the buildings enhance the feel of community and, ever pragmatic, leave most of the available land free for farming and industry. Like many successful communities, manufacturing (5) is an important supplementary income. The Bruderhofs make both wheelchairs and playground equipment; products rooted in the group’s ideals of care and community. At Darvell, they assemble playground equipment by hand; the repetitive, non-strenuous work is undertaken by elder community members, allowing them to socialize and make a meaningful contribution to the community. <img width="967" height="460" width_o="967" height_o="460" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ddba80deb9ec39381be55fc372b5588b2803e216628fd0c90dd5577083f88585/Bruderhof002.jpg" data-mid="174097038" border="0" alt="Photo: Bruderhof Community " data-caption="Photo: Bruderhof Community " src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/967/i/ddba80deb9ec39381be55fc372b5588b2803e216628fd0c90dd5577083f88585/Bruderhof002.jpg" /> <img width="800" height="600" width_o="800" height_o="600" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/77611193404b51cf7acf7265f900852d47d4e1d27663bff3d8ff3e7d05046388/Bruderhof001.jpg" data-mid="174097009" border="0" alt="Photo: Bruderhof Community " data-caption="Photo: Bruderhof Community " src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/800/i/77611193404b51cf7acf7265f900852d47d4e1d27663bff3d8ff3e7d05046388/Bruderhof001.jpg" /> <img width="800" height="600" width_o="800" height_o="600" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6759736e8ed2d93007241f4e0baa76ac21e633c9b81f5831885c78d70ab1d9ea/Brudherhof---Darvel-Potato-Picking.jpg" data-mid="174096033" border="0" alt="2011 Potato Picking at Darvell Bruderhof. Photo: Bruderhof Community " data-caption="2011 Potato Picking at Darvell Bruderhof. Photo: Bruderhof Community " src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/800/i/6759736e8ed2d93007241f4e0baa76ac21e633c9b81f5831885c78d70ab1d9ea/Brudherhof---Darvel-Potato-Picking.jpg" /> Bruderhofs End Notes All facts and observation are the result of a visit by the author in 2018 https://communesinthenewworld.com/Moravians-Bethlehem Mon, 03 Apr 2023 14:05:38 +0000 How to Live Together https://communesinthenewworld.com/Moravians-Bethlehem Moravians <img width="2248" height="1688" width_o="2248" height_o="1688" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2eed9bb5a64b27294d6e9569bc49bd58660c7bcbe3d0adcecb8dfea66a7aa67a/Moravians-Artist--Pavel-Petrovich-Svinin-1811-The-Met-Jstor-Public-Domain.jpg" data-mid="174092298" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2eed9bb5a64b27294d6e9569bc49bd58660c7bcbe3d0adcecb8dfea66a7aa67a/Moravians-Artist--Pavel-Petrovich-Svinin-1811-The-Met-Jstor-Public-Domain.jpg" /> Bethlehem, Pennsylvania&nbsp; Religious, Christian Gender Segregated Communal Property 1740 - 1880 1 Central Meeting House 2 Residence for Female Children 3 Residence for Male Children 4 Dormitories for unmarried women 5 Dormitories for widows 6,7 Dormitories for unmarried men 8 Apothecary 9 Communal Store <img width="1754" height="1222" width_o="1754" height_o="1222" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0f95cf87a7efa52f54f2d22b9afd6d167de9e12ccc96ebc0b47c10a5110f66cb/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans4.png" data-mid="174092285" border="0" alt="1727 Standard Moravian Village Design. Plan: Drawn from survey by Christian Gottlieb Reuter. City of Refuge. " data-caption="1727 Standard Moravian Village Design. Plan: Drawn from survey by Christian Gottlieb Reuter. City of Refuge. " src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0f95cf87a7efa52f54f2d22b9afd6d167de9e12ccc96ebc0b47c10a5110f66cb/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans4.png" /> <img width="1123" height="782" width_o="1123" height_o="782" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c08eccbd2a265cfe34b12bbec3c0a8c9ff6979122432365aa898ff47935a2eaf/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans4.png" data-mid="174092232" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/c08eccbd2a265cfe34b12bbec3c0a8c9ff6979122432365aa898ff47935a2eaf/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans4.png" /> The Moravians came to the USA in the 1740s as Christian missionaries from Germany. Moravian settlements were planned and administered from Saxony. The standardized village plan placed communal buildings at the center, including the meeting house (1), the communal store (8), and apothecary (9). Moravian society was divided by age, gender, and marital status, into groups called choirs. Married couples, widowers, widows, single men, and single women lived in separate dormitories, ran their own farms and workshops, and were socially and economically independent. Children, including infants, were divided by gender and housed separately,&nbsp; raised and educated by dedicated adults. The goal of communalism and the segratory choir system was to enhance the religious and spiritual enthusiasm of the members, and to enable the missionary work. The rearing of children was a community effort, allowing women to fully participate in society/work. As the name suggests, singing and musical performance was a central task of the choirs. Moravians became famous for their music and the instruments they made. Moravian End Notes Lewis, Michael J. City of Refuge: Separatists and Utopian Town Planning. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1q1xr5z. Maurer, Joseph A., Hans-Karl Schuchard, and G. Wallace Driver. “MORAVIAN BUILDINGS IN BETHLEHEM.” Archaeology 3, no. 4 (1950): 226–32. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41662417. Ungers, Liselotte, and Oswald Mathias Ungers. Kommunen in Der Neuen Welt: 1740-1971. Köln: Kiepenheuer &amp; Witsch, 1972. Page&nbsp; 86 The use of rooms shown on the floor plan are taken from an undated drawing in the Bethlehem Moravian Archives, courtesy of the National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. Praetzel, Matthew. “Historic Moravian Bethlehem in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, a National Historic Landmark District.” Historic Bethlehem Museums &amp;amp; Sites, February 26, 2014. https://historicbethlehem.org/about-draft/historic-moravian-bethlehem-a-national-historic-landmark-district/. https://communesinthenewworld.com/Moravians-Choir Fri, 17 Mar 2023 15:44:48 +0000 How to Live Together https://communesinthenewworld.com/Moravians-Choir Moravians <img width="2706" height="2150" width_o="2706" height_o="2150" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b8cea02829d45c24a33e49819c0f0791dc6b86b9a376d2c93e8ee8786b4e0eec/Moravian-Dress-1900-1935---Mark-Jefferson-Photographs-Archive---Eastern-Michigan-university.jpg" data-mid="174091235" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b8cea02829d45c24a33e49819c0f0791dc6b86b9a376d2c93e8ee8786b4e0eec/Moravian-Dress-1900-1935---Mark-Jefferson-Photographs-Archive---Eastern-Michigan-university.jpg" /> Germany, USA Religious, Christian Gender Segregated Communal Property 1740 - Present (Germany)&nbsp; 1 Brothers’ Room 2 Glove Maker 3 Glazier 4 Doctor 5 Cobbler 6 Saddler 7 Musician’s Room 8 Main Hall (Dining &amp; Services) 9 Superintendent’s Room 10 Pastor’s Room 11 Dormitory <img width="1123" height="782" width_o="1123" height_o="782" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a460a6377891c6701b6ebb93b11245f53f0aed4386e70f6582e97aa9a15ba924/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans5.png" data-mid="172073156" border="0" alt="1744 Single Brethren House, Bethlahem, Pennsylvania Plan: Drawn from plans by National park Service U.S. Department of the Interior " data-caption="1744 Single Brethren House, Bethlahem, Pennsylvania Plan: Drawn from plans by National park Service U.S. Department of the Interior " src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/a460a6377891c6701b6ebb93b11245f53f0aed4386e70f6582e97aa9a15ba924/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans5.png" /> <img width="1754" height="1222" width_o="1754" height_o="1222" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0f95cf87a7efa52f54f2d22b9afd6d167de9e12ccc96ebc0b47c10a5110f66cb/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans4.png" data-mid="172089410" border="0" alt="1727 Standard Moravian Village Design. Plan: Drawn from survey by Christian Gottlieb Reuter. City of Refuge. " data-caption="1727 Standard Moravian Village Design. Plan: Drawn from survey by Christian Gottlieb Reuter. City of Refuge. " src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/0f95cf87a7efa52f54f2d22b9afd6d167de9e12ccc96ebc0b47c10a5110f66cb/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans4.png" /> The Moravians came to the USA in the 1740s as Christian missionaries from Germany. Moravian settlements were planned and administered from Saxony. The standardized village plan placed communal buildings at the center, including the meeting house (1), the communal store (8), and apothecary (9). Moravian society was divided by age, gender, and marital status, into groups called choirs. Married couples, widowers, widows, single men, and single women lived in separate dormitories, ran their own farms and workshops, and were socially and economically independent. Children, including infants, were divided by gender and housed separately,&nbsp; raised and educated by dedicated adults. The goal of communalism and the segratory choir system was to enhance the religious and spiritual enthusiasm of the members, and to enable the missionary work. The rearing of children was a community effort, allowing women to fully participate in society/work. As the name suggests, singing and musical performance was a central task of the choirs. Moravians became famous for their music and the instruments they made. <img width="2248" height="1688" width_o="2248" height_o="1688" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2eed9bb5a64b27294d6e9569bc49bd58660c7bcbe3d0adcecb8dfea66a7aa67a/Moravians-Artist--Pavel-Petrovich-Svinin-1811-The-Met-Jstor-Public-Domain.jpg" data-mid="174091239" border="0" alt="1811 Portrait of Moravian Sisters. Drawing: Pavel Petrovich Svinin, Metropolitan Museum of Art " data-caption="1811 Portrait of Moravian Sisters. Drawing: Pavel Petrovich Svinin, Metropolitan Museum of Art " src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/2eed9bb5a64b27294d6e9569bc49bd58660c7bcbe3d0adcecb8dfea66a7aa67a/Moravians-Artist--Pavel-Petrovich-Svinin-1811-The-Met-Jstor-Public-Domain.jpg" /> <img width="2706" height="2150" width_o="2706" height_o="2150" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b8cea02829d45c24a33e49819c0f0791dc6b86b9a376d2c93e8ee8786b4e0eec/Moravian-Dress-1900-1935---Mark-Jefferson-Photographs-Archive---Eastern-Michigan-university.jpg" data-mid="174091235" border="0" alt="1900-1935 Moravian Dress. Photo: Mark Jefferson Photographs Archive, Eastern Michigan University" data-caption="1900-1935 Moravian Dress. Photo: Mark Jefferson Photographs Archive, Eastern Michigan University" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b8cea02829d45c24a33e49819c0f0791dc6b86b9a376d2c93e8ee8786b4e0eec/Moravian-Dress-1900-1935---Mark-Jefferson-Photographs-Archive---Eastern-Michigan-university.jpg" /> <img width="850" height="1091" width_o="850" height_o="1091" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b71e590140aadbc53a40c61a34ebbb64447bc3e55c8e40b75e44b555eea32903/Moravian---P.-C.-G.-Reuter-Nieska-1760-Courtesy-of-the-Moravian-Archives-Winston-Salem-North-Carolina.png" data-mid="174091230" border="0" alt="1760 Plan for a Moravian Community by P.C.G. Reuter Nieska. Courtesy of the Moravian Archives Winston-Salem North Carolina" data-caption="1760 Plan for a Moravian Community by P.C.G. Reuter Nieska. Courtesy of the Moravian Archives Winston-Salem North Carolina" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/850/i/b71e590140aadbc53a40c61a34ebbb64447bc3e55c8e40b75e44b555eea32903/Moravian---P.-C.-G.-Reuter-Nieska-1760-Courtesy-of-the-Moravian-Archives-Winston-Salem-North-Carolina.png" /> <img width="850" height="834" width_o="850" height_o="834" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1089412d6e839e23f2e295724727529d698fbd960ae8d576d72172579f77a029/Moravian---Unitas-c-1755-Courtesy-of-the-Moravian-Archives-Bethlehem-Pennsylvania.png" data-mid="174091233" border="0" alt="1755 Ideal Moravian Community of Unitas. Courtesy of the Moravian Archives Bethlehem Pennsylvania" data-caption="1755 Ideal Moravian Community of Unitas. Courtesy of the Moravian Archives Bethlehem Pennsylvania" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/850/i/1089412d6e839e23f2e295724727529d698fbd960ae8d576d72172579f77a029/Moravian---Unitas-c-1755-Courtesy-of-the-Moravian-Archives-Bethlehem-Pennsylvania.png" /> <img width="5065" height="3835" width_o="5065" height_o="3835" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d194a162dbe3c05018749a9e257cf9ff180f91e9f43c6e502e161ff3041295f3/Moravians---Godthab---Moravian-Mission---Greenland-1894.jpg" data-mid="174091237" border="0" alt="1894 Moravian Mission in Greenland. Source Unknown." data-caption="1894 Moravian Mission in Greenland. Source Unknown." src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/d194a162dbe3c05018749a9e257cf9ff180f91e9f43c6e502e161ff3041295f3/Moravians---Godthab---Moravian-Mission---Greenland-1894.jpg" /> Moravian End NotesLewis, Michael J. City of Refuge: Separatists and Utopian Town Planning. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1q1xr5z. Maurer, Joseph A., Hans-Karl Schuchard, and G. Wallace Driver. “MORAVIAN BUILDINGS IN BETHLEHEM.” Archaeology 3, no. 4 (1950): 226–32. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41662417. Ungers, Liselotte, and Oswald Mathias Ungers. Kommunen in Der Neuen Welt: 1740-1971. Köln: Kiepenheuer &amp; Witsch, 1972. Page&nbsp; 86 The use of rooms shown on the floor plan are taken from an undated drawing in the Bethlehem Moravian Archives, courtesy of the National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. Praetzel, Matthew. “Historic Moravian Bethlehem in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, a National Historic Landmark District.” Historic Bethlehem Museums &amp;amp; Sites, February 26, 2014. https://historicbethlehem.org/about-draft/historic-moravian-bethlehem-a-national-historic-landmark-district/. https://communesinthenewworld.com/Shakers Fri, 17 Mar 2023 15:46:35 +0000 How to Live Together https://communesinthenewworld.com/Shakers Shakers England, USA Religious, Christian Celibate Communal Property 1174 - Present <img width="1214" height="1516" width_o="1214" height_o="1516" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d32d84169dd7e071aeb7ee4c4f7f2c5fba14096fc701b78b94365eebfe07955e/shakers006.jpg" data-mid="174099943" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/d32d84169dd7e071aeb7ee4c4f7f2c5fba14096fc701b78b94365eebfe07955e/shakers006.jpg" /> 1 Meeting Room / Chapel 2 Sister Stair Hall 3 Deaconess Room 4 Deacons Room 5 Brothers Stair Hall 6 Brothers Room&nbsp; 7 Elder Brothers’ Room 8 Elder Sister’s Room 9 Sister’s Room <img width="1754" height="1222" width_o="1754" height_o="1222" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/87c96f38171e7c8d1dac0193f20538f50e6eb747f861f41bb85cac4668e9ada3/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans6.png" data-mid="174097260" border="0" alt="1933 Main Residence, New Lebanon. Plan: Drawn from Historic American Buildings Survey 1933, Library of Congress" data-caption="1933 Main Residence, New Lebanon. Plan: Drawn from Historic American Buildings Survey 1933, Library of Congress" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/87c96f38171e7c8d1dac0193f20538f50e6eb747f861f41bb85cac4668e9ada3/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans6.png" /> The United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing was founded by Sister Ann Lee in 1700. Named for their ecstatic dance, characterized by fits of shaking, the “Shaking Quakers” believed that Christ’s second coming had already occurred and they were living in the new Millennium. The group’s celibacy and communalism arose from the belief that there was no marriage or private property in heaven. Perfection, Order, Purity, and Plainness were the dictates of the Shaker faith, and there were rules for everything; how to dress, walk, speak, and behave at the table. Their values were reflected in the utility, function, and austere beauty of their inventions, furniture, and buildings. Their ingeneouos inventions, including the circular saw and the wheel-driven washing machine, were never patented–the first open source technology. The combination of religious inspirations and a skillful workmanship produced beautiful, functional objects. “Odd or fanciful styles of architecture may not be used among the Believers,”&nbsp; and buildings reflected and enforced Shaker ideals. Men and women lived under the same roof in this celibate society–the symmetrical organization reflected the separate but equal society. The arrangement of rooms, doors, and staircases meant there was almost no privacy or freedom of movement. In the 18th and 18th century, the Shakers did a boom conversion business but their population at the time of writing in 2022, is two. <img width="622" height="550" width_o="622" height_o="550" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1442371ed402c22d4597cc2987ec1a47bc40357e3175ea6d99cc533f057b2068/Shakers.jpg" data-mid="174097552" border="0" alt="1890s Sisters at Canterbury Shaker Village. Stereoview: H.A. Kimball, Enflied Shaker Museum" data-caption="1890s Sisters at Canterbury Shaker Village. Stereoview: H.A. Kimball, Enflied Shaker Museum" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/622/i/1442371ed402c22d4597cc2987ec1a47bc40357e3175ea6d99cc533f057b2068/Shakers.jpg" /> <img width="1214" height="1516" width_o="1214" height_o="1516" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d32d84169dd7e071aeb7ee4c4f7f2c5fba14096fc701b78b94365eebfe07955e/shakers006.jpg" data-mid="174099943" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/d32d84169dd7e071aeb7ee4c4f7f2c5fba14096fc701b78b94365eebfe07955e/shakers006.jpg" /> <img width="1140" height="760" width_o="1140" height_o="760" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b3871aeaf3900e8671d3f1122ad9756aa96bccc7f24fe312b56923283daf1185/shakers007.jpg" data-mid="174099908" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/b3871aeaf3900e8671d3f1122ad9756aa96bccc7f24fe312b56923283daf1185/shakers007.jpg" /> <img width="1000" height="809" width_o="1000" height_o="809" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e3c4c6b79608c9450d8df32970191501d209ac0f63c0192cfdbe5c3e2b934f08/SHAKERS005.jpg" data-mid="174099907" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e3c4c6b79608c9450d8df32970191501d209ac0f63c0192cfdbe5c3e2b934f08/SHAKERS005.jpg" /> <img width="1048" height="800" width_o="1048" height_o="800" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6df3743e9fdc1b2150bec336f72664085bac3e8adc73d4682eb9c081314fff10/SHAKERS001.jpg" data-mid="174099906" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/6df3743e9fdc1b2150bec336f72664085bac3e8adc73d4682eb9c081314fff10/SHAKERS001.jpg" /> <img width="996" height="1575" width_o="996" height_o="1575" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c0d2c4783af588cfe1821152412bf6c13d915e89de577a9317d08ebd85c11eb1/ShakerConcert.jpg" data-mid="174099905" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/996/i/c0d2c4783af588cfe1821152412bf6c13d915e89de577a9317d08ebd85c11eb1/ShakerConcert.jpg" /> <img width="250" height="167" width_o="250" height_o="167" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f69d99e740710bc653af6c73750e8060693c6e38b1a70792c44f8a3bbe8f1faa/SHAKERS-USHISTORY.ORG.jpg" data-mid="174099817" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/250/i/f69d99e740710bc653af6c73750e8060693c6e38b1a70792c44f8a3bbe8f1faa/SHAKERS-USHISTORY.ORG.jpg" /> <img width="1050" height="700" width_o="1050" height_o="700" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/34f9fd83782d6516dd28cfa748280c13c71b9a7e2bf852c36574749650340e63/Shakers-Dance---1826-Color-Lithograph-by-Anthony-Imbert---Shakers-Near-lebanon-via-NYPL.jpg" data-mid="174099816" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/34f9fd83782d6516dd28cfa748280c13c71b9a7e2bf852c36574749650340e63/Shakers-Dance---1826-Color-Lithograph-by-Anthony-Imbert---Shakers-Near-lebanon-via-NYPL.jpg" /> Shakers End Notes Ray, Mary Lyn. “A Reappraisal of Shaker Furniture and Society.” Winterthur Portfolio 8 (1973): 107–32. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1180548. Nicoletta, Julie. “The Architecture of Control: Shaker Dwelling Houses and the Reform Movement in Early-Nineteenth-Century America.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 62, no. 3 (2003): 352–87. https://doi.org/10.2307/3592519. https://communesinthenewworld.com/Harmony-Society-Rappites Fri, 17 Mar 2023 15:47:45 +0000 How to Live Together https://communesinthenewworld.com/Harmony-Society-Rappites Harmony Society (Rappites)&nbsp; <img width="600" height="423" width_o="600" height_o="423" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/303130eda80665ad89fc499586b67542d87cadf8b6221d9ceca1dfed2aca294b/Rappites---Hired-field-workers-cutting-hay-Economy-PA-1880.jpg" data-mid="174100627" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/600/i/303130eda80665ad89fc499586b67542d87cadf8b6221d9ceca1dfed2aca294b/Rappites---Hired-field-workers-cutting-hay-Economy-PA-1880.jpg" />New Harmony, Indiana Religious, Christian Celibate Communal Property 1805 - 1905 1 Dining Room 2 Kitchen 3 Classroom 4 Assembly Hall 5 Dormitory 6 Teacher Room <img width="1754" height="1222" width_o="1754" height_o="1222" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/927c196baf43a5be7da54a342478a7a65a381ce0ec99ea468832c248060305b9/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans7.png" data-mid="174100373" border="0" alt="Rappite Community House No.2. Plan: Drawn from IN Survey HABS IN-5. Library of Congress" data-caption="Rappite Community House No.2. Plan: Drawn from IN Survey HABS IN-5. Library of Congress" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/927c196baf43a5be7da54a342478a7a65a381ce0ec99ea468832c248060305b9/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans7.png" /> The Harmony Society, led by George Rapp, was a group of religious separatists that arrived in the US in 1805, fleeing religious persecution in Germany. Unlike the Moravians, their goal was not conversion or evangelism, but they did hope to lead by example and to demonstrate “the marvel of communal life.” Communalism arose from their religious beliefs and the hardship of living in the American frontier. The group became celibate in 1807 and lived in communal dormitories. The Community House was one of four large dormitories for men and women. After New Harmony was sold to Robert Owen, the building was used as a school and dormitory. The Rappites built sturdy, stone and brick towns that were pre-planned and built to last. Their second town, New Harmony, they sold to Robert Owen in 1825. Their third and final village was Economy, built on the Ohio River in Pennsylvania. The aging population of Rappites employed outsiders as laborers and educated their children. In 1906 the “Harmony Society” was officially liquidated by the last three Rappites, 100 years after its foundation. <img width="400" height="280" width_o="400" height_o="280" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4f7eec13efe4ed8d88e3b0a3c8812ed5fc0b15b31a4d89c1c9c6f8b7abe22a9d/Rappites-Old-Economy-Cider-mill-and-laundry.jpg" data-mid="174100629" border="0" alt="Old Economy Cider mill and laundry. Source Unknown" data-caption="Old Economy Cider mill and laundry. Source Unknown" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/400/i/4f7eec13efe4ed8d88e3b0a3c8812ed5fc0b15b31a4d89c1c9c6f8b7abe22a9d/Rappites-Old-Economy-Cider-mill-and-laundry.jpg" /> <img width="600" height="423" width_o="600" height_o="423" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/303130eda80665ad89fc499586b67542d87cadf8b6221d9ceca1dfed2aca294b/Rappites---Hired-field-workers-cutting-hay-Economy-PA-1880.jpg" data-mid="174100627" border="0" alt="1890s Hired workers in a Harmonist hay field. Photo: Courtesy of the Old Economy Village" data-caption="1890s Hired workers in a Harmonist hay field. Photo: Courtesy of the Old Economy Village" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/600/i/303130eda80665ad89fc499586b67542d87cadf8b6221d9ceca1dfed2aca294b/Rappites---Hired-field-workers-cutting-hay-Economy-PA-1880.jpg" /> <img width="1437" height="1570" width_o="1437" height_o="1570" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7c93d3cdedf811c293be32a016e16ea53c2ca9543a541651d885b43737cd956c/Rappites001.jpg" data-mid="174100665" border="0" alt="1824 Old Economy. Photo: Courtesy of the Ungers Archive " data-caption="1824 Old Economy. Photo: Courtesy of the Ungers Archive " src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/7c93d3cdedf811c293be32a016e16ea53c2ca9543a541651d885b43737cd956c/Rappites001.jpg" /> <img width="4032" height="3024" width_o="4032" height_o="3024" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/34c50475bfecd0b55c15a466be1c42c31c11638431233c9acffbcd61bac49e1e/Rappites005.JPG" data-mid="174100673" border="0" alt="1824 Old Economy. Photo: Courtesy of the Ungers Archive " data-caption="1824 Old Economy. Photo: Courtesy of the Ungers Archive " src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/34c50475bfecd0b55c15a466be1c42c31c11638431233c9acffbcd61bac49e1e/Rappites005.JPG" /> Rappites End Notes “Rappite Community House No. 2 in New Harmony, Indiana.” CONTENTdm. Accessed November 24, 2021. https://digitalarchives.usi.edu/digital/collection/RLIC/id/25617/. https://communesinthenewworld.com/True-Inspirationists-Amanas-Town Fri, 21 Apr 2023 10:12:30 +0000 How to Live Together https://communesinthenewworld.com/True-Inspirationists-Amanas-Town True Inspirationists (Amanas)&nbsp; <img width="2564" height="1916" width_o="2564" height_o="1916" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/960ec14afdbe55fd4567980f8105baccf36e36702a2187895edafb5ff6df6531/Amanas_BerthaShambaugh_1890_002.png" data-mid="176136486" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/960ec14afdbe55fd4567980f8105baccf36e36702a2187895edafb5ff6df6531/Amanas_BerthaShambaugh_1890_002.png" /> Middle Amana, Iowa, USA Religious, Christian Multi-Family&nbsp; Communal Property&nbsp; 1842-1932 (transitioned to join stock company)&nbsp; 1 Communal Residential Houses 2 Kitchen &amp; Residence 3 Church &amp; Residence&nbsp; 4 Laborer Residences 5 Church 6 School&nbsp; 7 Barns 8 Fire Station 9 Wood Mills 10 Kitchen Gardens 11 Orchard 12 Hog Farms <img width="1754" height="1222" width_o="1754" height_o="1222" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/118914ac89f90d22e920960a5e51712457b886acae89a07297457cd8c74bebe5/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans8.png" data-mid="176136505" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/118914ac89f90d22e920960a5e51712457b886acae89a07297457cd8c74bebe5/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans8.png" /> The True Inspirationists, or Amanas, were a group of German emigres that fled religious persecution in 1842 for upstate New York - the epicenter of the second great awakening. Rooted in 16th and 17th German mysticism, the group received divine revelation through their prophets or Werkzeug (tool/instrument). In Amana society, marriage was permitted by otherwise genders were segregated, meals were eaten together, and all property, with the exception of household goods and clothing, were held in common. Geographic isolation was needed to maintain their religious ideas and unity so, in 1854, as New York became more densely populated, the Amanas followed divine inspiration west to Iowa. The land was fertile and six new communities were built using&nbsp; local timber, sandstone, lime and clay. Each village was self-sufficient with several prayer houses (3), meals were cooked and eaten in canteens for groups of 30-50 people (2), and a central church (5). The church was centrally located and often placed in the middle of the block, to avoid distraction from outsiders and visitors. Kitchen House was grouped near woodsheds, washhouse, drying house. Like other religious groups, laborers who weren’t a part of the church worked the land and lived on the outskirts of the Amana settlements (4). Amana villages had no business district as they had no need for stores or shops. <img width="1000" height="1000" width_o="1000" height_o="1000" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5c00602ae11cc7abc76d8a017987db629881e1e8d26172d42518c29b3bbfcd5d/AmanaMap.jpg" data-mid="176136488" border="0" alt="Map of the Amana Colonies. Courtesty of the Ungers Archive" data-caption="Map of the Amana Colonies. Courtesty of the Ungers Archive" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/5c00602ae11cc7abc76d8a017987db629881e1e8d26172d42518c29b3bbfcd5d/AmanaMap.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="890" width_o="1500" height_o="890" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/760916d18b6e3d99fca3cb2883ba3da36d2566c955c387001a0c00c92c396d82/Amana007.jpg" data-mid="176136485" border="0" alt="1890s Amana Children at play. Photo: Bertha Shambaugh. From Picturing Utopia: Bertha Shambaugh and the Amana Photographers by Abigail Foerstner" data-caption="1890s Amana Children at play. Photo: Bertha Shambaugh. From Picturing Utopia: Bertha Shambaugh and the Amana Photographers by Abigail Foerstner" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/760916d18b6e3d99fca3cb2883ba3da36d2566c955c387001a0c00c92c396d82/Amana007.jpg" /> <img width="2761" height="4032" width_o="2761" height_o="4032" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/51e035f1f89d120b1b01c200b2cbb6c6806f5c3cf3ce33ec217997d5df52f8a1/Amana005.png" data-mid="176136484" border="0" alt="1970s Aamana Women. Photo: Couresty of the Ungers Archive" data-caption="1970s Aamana Women. Photo: Couresty of the Ungers Archive" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/51e035f1f89d120b1b01c200b2cbb6c6806f5c3cf3ce33ec217997d5df52f8a1/Amana005.png" /> <img width="2584" height="2634" width_o="2584" height_o="2634" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8d4ed2f3d7b78e90aaade0fef4af8ed07102c1e41625e6512a6afba20d9f45e9/Amanas_BerthaShambaugh_1890_001.png" data-mid="176136487" border="0" alt="1908 Amana Women. Photo: John H. Richmond. Museum of Amana History, gift of Joan Liffring-Zug Bourret" data-caption="1908 Amana Women. Photo: John H. Richmond. Museum of Amana History, gift of Joan Liffring-Zug Bourret" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8d4ed2f3d7b78e90aaade0fef4af8ed07102c1e41625e6512a6afba20d9f45e9/Amanas_BerthaShambaugh_1890_001.png" /> <img width="2564" height="1916" width_o="2564" height_o="1916" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/960ec14afdbe55fd4567980f8105baccf36e36702a2187895edafb5ff6df6531/Amanas_BerthaShambaugh_1890_002.png" data-mid="176136486" border="0" alt="1908 Amana Women Being Photographed. Photo: John H. Richmond. Museum of Amana History, gift of Joan Liffring-Zug Bourret" data-caption="1908 Amana Women Being Photographed. Photo: John H. Richmond. Museum of Amana History, gift of Joan Liffring-Zug Bourret" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/960ec14afdbe55fd4567980f8105baccf36e36702a2187895edafb5ff6df6531/Amanas_BerthaShambaugh_1890_002.png" /> Amanas End Notes Kellenberger, Gordon, and Jean Kellenberger. Architecture of the Amana Colonies. Amana, IA: Amana Artists Guild, 1987. Page 2. Land and Community Associates. Culture and Environment: A Challenge for the Amana Colonies. Charlottesville, Virgina: Amana Historic Landmark Committee , 1977. Page 18. Kellenberger, Gordon, and Jean Kellenberger. Architecture of the Amana Colonies. Amana, IA: Amana Artists Guild, 1987. Page 3 Ungers, Liselotte, and Oswald Mathias Ungers. Kommunen in Der Neuen Welt: 1740-1971. Köln: Kiepenheuer &amp; Witsch, 1972. https://communesinthenewworld.com/True-Inspirationists-Amanas-Housing Mon, 03 Apr 2023 16:42:27 +0000 How to Live Together https://communesinthenewworld.com/True-Inspirationists-Amanas-Housing True Inspirationists (Amanas)&nbsp; <img width="2761" height="4032" width_o="2761" height_o="4032" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/81c0e58a1328e71d723dd176ad9029f038ebf2c6b6d9727f7daaabf62a1a45c5/Amana005.png" data-mid="174109216" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/81c0e58a1328e71d723dd176ad9029f038ebf2c6b6d9727f7daaabf62a1a45c5/Amana005.png" /> Middle Amana, Iowa, USA Religious, Christian Multi-Family&nbsp; Communal Property&nbsp; 1842-1932 (transitioned to join stock company)&nbsp; 1 Family 1, 2 Family 2, 3 Family 3, Family 4, 5 Woodshed 6 Wash House, 7 Latrine <img width="1754" height="1222" width_o="1754" height_o="1222" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e0f9e3b86d57880ab05e5402bd281776a41929528f52fdcfa666db4052109193/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans9.png" data-mid="174109302" border="0" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/e0f9e3b86d57880ab05e5402bd281776a41929528f52fdcfa666db4052109193/220317-How-To-Live-Together-Plans9.png" /> The religious beliefs of the Amanas emphasized simplicity, plainness, and uniformity. Dwellings, and most buildings, were unadorned but well proportioned with pitched roof.&nbsp; Central hallways divides the dwelling into four, two-bedroom apartments. Three or four families shared the same entrance. A rabatt was built along the foundation for herbs and flowers with attached washhouse and woodshed. In 1931, after almost one hundred years of communal living the Amanas underwent “The Great Change.” The Amanas transitioned from a system of common property into a joint-stock corporation and the rule of the church was replaced by a board of directors. The Amana Corporation is still operational today and produces refrigerators, fabrics, and furniture. The community has maintained certain features of the old social structure and traditions; such as free health care, care for the elderly and infirm. <img width="1000" height="1000" width_o="1000" height_o="1000" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5c00602ae11cc7abc76d8a017987db629881e1e8d26172d42518c29b3bbfcd5d/AmanaMap.jpg" data-mid="174109221" border="0" alt="Map of the Amana Colonies. Courtesty of the Ungers Archive" data-caption="Map of the Amana Colonies. Courtesty of the Ungers Archive" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/5c00602ae11cc7abc76d8a017987db629881e1e8d26172d42518c29b3bbfcd5d/AmanaMap.jpg" /> <img width="1500" height="890" width_o="1500" height_o="890" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/760916d18b6e3d99fca3cb2883ba3da36d2566c955c387001a0c00c92c396d82/Amana007.jpg" data-mid="174109218" border="0" alt="1890s Amana Children at play. Photo: Bertha Shambaugh. From Picturing Utopia: Bertha Shambaugh and the Amana Photographers by Abigail Foerstner" data-caption="1890s Amana Children at play. Photo: Bertha Shambaugh. From Picturing Utopia: Bertha Shambaugh and the Amana Photographers by Abigail Foerstner" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/760916d18b6e3d99fca3cb2883ba3da36d2566c955c387001a0c00c92c396d82/Amana007.jpg" /> <img width="2761" height="4032" width_o="2761" height_o="4032" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/51e035f1f89d120b1b01c200b2cbb6c6806f5c3cf3ce33ec217997d5df52f8a1/Amana005.png" data-mid="174109217" border="0" alt="1970s Aamana Women. Photo: Couresty of the Ungers Archive" data-caption="1970s Aamana Women. Photo: Couresty of the Ungers Archive" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/51e035f1f89d120b1b01c200b2cbb6c6806f5c3cf3ce33ec217997d5df52f8a1/Amana005.png" /> <img width="2584" height="2634" width_o="2584" height_o="2634" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8d4ed2f3d7b78e90aaade0fef4af8ed07102c1e41625e6512a6afba20d9f45e9/Amanas_BerthaShambaugh_1890_001.png" data-mid="174109220" border="0" alt="1908 Amana Women. Photo: John H. Richmond. Museum of Amana History, gift of Joan Liffring-Zug Bourret" data-caption="1908 Amana Women. Photo: John H. Richmond. Museum of Amana History, gift of Joan Liffring-Zug Bourret" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/8d4ed2f3d7b78e90aaade0fef4af8ed07102c1e41625e6512a6afba20d9f45e9/Amanas_BerthaShambaugh_1890_001.png" /> <img width="2564" height="1916" width_o="2564" height_o="1916" data-src="https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/960ec14afdbe55fd4567980f8105baccf36e36702a2187895edafb5ff6df6531/Amanas_BerthaShambaugh_1890_002.png" data-mid="174109219" border="0" alt="1908 Amana Women Being Photographed. Photo: John H. Richmond. Museum of Amana History, gift of Joan Liffring-Zug Bourret" data-caption="1908 Amana Women Being Photographed. Photo: John H. Richmond. Museum of Amana History, gift of Joan Liffring-Zug Bourret" src="https://freight.cargo.site/w/1000/i/960ec14afdbe55fd4567980f8105baccf36e36702a2187895edafb5ff6df6531/Amanas_BerthaShambaugh_1890_002.png" /> Amanas End Notes Kellenberger, Gordon, and Jean Kellenberger. Architecture of the Amana Colonies. Amana, IA: Amana Artists Guild, 1987. Page 2. Land and Community Associates. Culture and Environment: A Challenge for the Amana Colonies. Charlottesville, Virgina: Amana Historic Landmark Committee , 1977. Page 18. Kellenberger, Gordon, and Jean Kellenberger. Architecture of the Amana Colonies. Amana, IA: Amana Artists Guild, 1987. Page 3 Ungers, Liselotte, and Oswald Mathias Ungers. Kommunen in Der Neuen Welt: 1740-1971. Köln: Kiepenheuer &amp; Witsch, 1972.